JIT Products, Inc.
Telephone: 530-758-9988
E-mail: jitinc@jitinc.com


All Salts



Choose the best, choose NortheEdge!




  
Flaxseed - Resources
1. Hasler CM. 1998. Functional foods: Their role in disease prevention and health promotion. Food Tech. 52: 63-70.
2. Hasler CM. 2002. Functional foods: Benefits, concerns and challenges — A position paper from the American Council on Science and Health. J. Nutr. 132: 3772-3781.
3. Freeman TP. 1995. Structure of flaxseed. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Cunnane SC and Thompson LU, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 11-21.
4. Carter JF. 1996. Sensory evaluation of flaxseed of different varieties. Proc. Flax Inst. 56: 201-203.
5. BeMiller JN, Whistler RL, Barkalow DG. 1993. Aloe, chia, flaxseed, okra, psyllium seed, quince seed, and tamarind gums. In: Industrial Gums, eds Whistler RL and BeMiller JN, 3rd ed, Academic Press, New York, pp. 227-256.
6. Anonymous. 2001. Nutritional profile of no. 1 Canada Western flaxseed and of yellow flaxseed samples. Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB.
7. Daun JK, Barthet VJ, Chornick TL, Duguid S. 2003. Structure, composition, and variety development of flaxseed. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Thompson LU and Cunnane SC, 2nd ed, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 1-40.
8. Daun JK, DeClercq DR. 1994. Sixty years of Canadian flaxseed quality surveys at the Grain Research Laboratory. Proc. Flax Inst. 55: 192-200.
9. McDonald BE. 1994. Canola oil nutritional properties. Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg, MB.
10. POS. 1994. Fatty acid analyses. POS Pilot Plant Corporation, Saskatoon, SK.
11. Dean J. [Personal communication, 2003]. Agricore United. Winnipeg, MB.
12. Green AG, Dribnenki JCP. 1994. Linola — A new premium polyunsaturated oil. Lipid Tech. 6: 29-33.
13. Vaisey-Genser M, Malcolmson LJ, Ryland D, et al. 1994. Consumer acceptance of canola oils during temperature-accelerated storage. Food Quality Preference 5: 237-243.
14. Kibiuk DJ. 1996. Storage stability and frying performance of solin and sunflower oils. MSc Thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.
15. Warner K, Mounts TL. 1993. Frying stability of soybean and canola oils with modified fatty acid compositions. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 70: 983-988.
16. Bhatty RS, Cherdkiatgumchai P. 1990. Compositional analysis of laboratoryprepared and commercial samples of linseed meal and of hull isolated from flax. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 67:79-84.
17. Oomah BD, Mazza G. 1993. Flaxseed proteins — A review. Food Chem. 48: 109-114.
18. Friedman M, Levin CE. 1989. Composition of jimson weed (Datura stramonium) seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37: 998-1005.
19. Aubrecht E, Horacsek M, Gelencser E, Dworschak E. 1998. Investigation of prolamin content of cereals and different plant seeds. Acta Alimentaria 27: 119-125.
20. Connon JJ. 1999. Celiac disease. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, eds Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M and Ross AC, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 1163-1168.
21. Institute of Medicine. 2002. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, pp. 7-1— 7-69 (dietary fiber), 8-1— 8-97 (fat and fatty acids).
22. Murphy PA, Hendrich S. 2002. Phytoestrogens in foods. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 44: 195-246.
23. Oomah BD, Mazza G. 1998. Flaxseed products for disease prevention. In: Functional Foods: Biochemical & Processing Aspects, ed Mazza G, Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA, pp. 91-138.
24. Oomah BD, Kenaschuk EO, Mazza G. 1995. Phenolic acids in flaxseed. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2016-2019.
25. Harris RK, Haggerty WJ. 1993. Assays for potentially anticarcinogenic phytochemicals in flaxseed. Cereal Foods World 38: 147-151.
26. Nielsen SE, Freese R, Kleemola P, Mutanen M. 2002. Flavonoids in human urine as biomarkers for intake of fruits and vegetables. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11: 459-466.
27. Anonymous. 1997. Contractual analyses. Flax Council of Canada, Winnipeg, MB.
28. Daun JK, Przybylski R. 2000. Environmental effects on the composition of four Canadian flax cultivars. Proc. Flax Inst. 58: 80-91.
29. Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG. 1999. Vitamin E: Function and metabolism. FASEB J. 13: 1145-1155.
30. Przybylski R. [Personal communication, 2003]. University of Manitoba. Winnipeg, MB.
31. Horrobin DF, Manku MS. 1990. Clinical biochemistry of essential fatty acids. In: Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids, ed Horrobin DF, Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 21-53.
32. Emken EA. 1995. Influence of linoleic acid on conversion of linolenic acid to omega-3 fatty acids in humans. In: Proceedings from the Scientific Conference on Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Nutrition, Vascular Biology, and Medicine, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX, pp. 9-18.
33. Cunnane SC. 2003. Dietary sources and metabolism of ?-linolenic acid. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Thompson LU and Cunnane SC, 2nd ed, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 63-91.
34. Cunnane SC, Anderson MJ. 1997. The majority of dietary linoleate in growing rats is ?-oxidized or stored in visceral fat. J. Nutr. 127: 146-152.
35. DeLany JP, Windhauser MM, Champagne CM, Bray GA. 2000. Differential oxidation of individual dietary fatty acids in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72: 905-911.
36. Allman-Farinelli MA, Hall D, Kingham K, et al. 1999. Comparison of the effects of two low fat diets with different ?-linolenic:linoleic acid ratios on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Atherosclerosis 142: 159-168.
37. Layne KS, Goh YK, Jumpsen JA, et al. 1996. Normal subjects consuming physiological levels of 18:3(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) from flaxseed or fish oils have characteristic differences in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fatty acid levels. J. Nutr. 126: 2130-2140.
38. Sanders TAB, Roshanai F. 1983. The influence of different types of ?3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood lipids and platelet function in healthy volunteers. Clin. Sci. 64: 91-99. 88
39. Mantzioris E, James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG. 1994. Dietary substitution with an ?-linolenic acid-rich vegetable oil increases eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in tissues. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59: 1304-1309.
40. Cunnane SC, Hamadeh MJ, Liede AC, et al. 1995. Nutritional attributes of traditional flaxseed in healthy young adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61: 62-68.
41. Goh YK, Jumpsen JA, Ryan EA, Clandinin MT. 1997. Effect of ?3 fatty acid on plasma lipids, cholesterol and lipoprotein fatty acid content in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia 40: 45-52.
42. Qiu X. 2003. Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6-4,7,10,13,16,19): Two distinct pathways. Prostaglandins Leuko. Essent. Fatty Acids 68: 181-186.
43. Gerster H. 1998. Can adults adequately convert ?-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)? Internat. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 68: 159-173.
44. Emken EA, Adlof RO, Gulley RM. 1994. Dietary linoleic acid influences desaturation and acylation of deuterium-labeled linoleic and linolenic acids in young adult males. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1213: 277-288.
45. Pawlosky RJ, Hibbeln JR, Novotny JA, Salem Jr N. 2001. Physiological compartmental analysis of ?-linolenic acid metabolism in adult humans. J. Lipid Res. 42: 1257-1265.
46. Ferrier LK, Caston LJ, Leeson S, et al. 1995. ?-Linolenic acid- and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched eggs from hens fed flaxseed: Influence on blood lipids and platelet phospholipid fatty acids in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62: 81-86.
47. Scheideler SE, Froning GW. 1996. The combined influence of dietary flaxseed variety, level, form, and storage conditions on egg production and composition among vitamin E-supplemented hens. Poult. Sci. 75: 1221-1226.
48. Al MDM, Badart-Smook A, Houwelingen ACv, et al. 1996. Fat intake of women during normal pregnancy: Relationship with maternal and neonatal essential fatty acid status. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 15: 49-55.
49. Garg ML, Wierzbicki AA, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT. 1988. Dietary cholesterol and/or n-3 fatty acid modulate ?9-desaturase activity in rat liver microsomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 962: 330-336.
50. Leikin AI, Brenner RR. 1987. Cholesterol-induced microsomal changes modulate desaturase activities. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 922: 294-303.
51. Berger A, Gershwin ME, German JB. 1992. Effects of various dietary fats on cardiolipin acyl composition during ontogeny of mice. Lipids 27: 605-612. F LAX – A Health and Nutrition Primer 89
52. Li D, Mann NJ, Sinclair AJ. 1999. Comparison of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from vegetable oils, meat, and fish in raising platelet eicosapentaenoic acid levels in humans. Lipids 34: S309.
53. Ackman RG, Cunnane SC. 1992. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Sources, biochemistry, and nutritional/clinical applications. Adv. Appl. Lipid Res. 1: 161-215.
54. Houwelingen ACv, Hornstra G. 1994. Trans fatty acids in early human development. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 75: 175-178.
55. Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, et al. 1993. High ?-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): Some nutritional properties in humans. Br. J. Nutr. 69: 443-453.
56. Brossard N, Croset M, Pachiaudi C, et al. 1996. Retroconversion and metabolism of [13C]22:6n-3 in humans and rats after intake of a single dose of [13C]22:6n-3-triacylglycerols. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64: 577-586.
57. Seeds MC, Bass DA. 1999. Regulation and metabolism of arachidonic acid. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 17: 5-26.
58. Calder PC. 1998. Dietary fatty acids and the immune system. Nutr. Rev. 56: S70-S83.
59. Lands WEM. 1993. Eicosanoids and health. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 676: 46-59.
60. Henderson Jr WR. 1994. The role of leukotrienes in inflammation. Ann. Intern. Med. 121: 684-697.
61. Ross R. 1999. Atherosclerosis — An inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 340: 115-126.
62. Simopoulos AP. 1999. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70: 560S-569S.
63. Connor WE. 2000. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71: 171S-175S.
64. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, et al. 1996. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: Cohort follow up study in the United States. Br. Med. J. 313: 84-90.
65. de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, et al. 1994. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 343: 1454-1459.
66. Ratnayake WMN, Chen Z-Y. 1996. Trans, n-3, and n-6 fatty acids in Canadian human milk. Lipids 31: S279-S282. 90
67. Yu G, Duchén K, Björkstén B. 1998. Fatty acid composition in colostrum and mature milk from non-atopic and atopic mothers during the first 6 months of lactation. Acta Paediatr. 87: 729-736.
68. Sinclair AJ, Attar-Bashi NM, Li D. 2002. What is the role of ?-linolenic acid for mammals? Lipids 37: 1113-1123.
69. Tarpila S, Aro A, Salminen I, et al. 2002. The effect of flaxseed supplementation in processed foods on serum fatty acids and enterolactone. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56: 157-165.
70. Nair SSD, Leitch JW, Falconer J, Garg ML. 1997. Prevention of cardiac arrhythmia by dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and their mechanism of action. J. Nutr. 127: 383-393.
71. Garg ML, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT. 1990. Interactions of saturated, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to modulate arachidonic acid metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 31: 271-277.
72. Healy DA, Wallace FA, Miles EA, et al. 2000. Effect of low-to-moderate amounts of dietary fish oil on neutrophil lipid composition and function. Lipids 35: 763-768.
73. Magrum LJ, Johnston PV. 1983. Modulation of prostaglandin synthesis in rat peritoneal macrophages with ?-3 fatty acids. Lipids 18: 514-521.
74. Caughey GE, Mantzioris E, Gibson RA, et al. 1996. The effect on human tumor necrosis factor ??and interleukin 1??production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63: 116-122.
75. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS. 1994. Cytokines. In: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp. 240-260.
76. Krueger JM, Majde JA. 1995. Cytokines and sleep. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 106: 97-100.
77. Heller A, Koch T, Schmeck J, van Ackern K. 1998. Lipid mediators in inflammatory disorders. Drugs 55: 487-496.
78. Hall AV, Parbtani A, Clark WF, et al. 1993. Abrogation of MRL/lpr lupus nephritis by dietary flaxseed. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 22: 326-332.
79. Kankaanpää P, Sütas Y, Salminen S, et al. 1999. Dietary fatty acids and allergy. Ann. Med. 31: 282-287.
80. Aarsland A, Lundquist M, Borretsen B, Berge RK. 1990. On the effect of peroxisomal ?-oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity by eicosapentaenoic acid in liver and heart from rats. Lipids 25: 546-548. F LAX – A Health and Nutrition Primer 91
81. Rambjør GS, Walen AI, Windsor SL, Harris WS. 1996. Eicosapentaenoic acid is primarily responsible for hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in humans. Lipids 31: S45-S49.
82. Emken EA, Adlof RO, Duval SM, Nelson GJ. 1999. Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on desaturation and uptake in vivo of isotope-labeled oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids by male subjects. Lipids 34: 785-791.
83. Greiner RCS, Winter J, Nathanielsz PW, Brenna JT. 1997. Brain docosahexaenoate accretion in fetal baboons: Bioequivalence of dietary ?-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids. Pediatr. Res. 42: 826-834.
84. Duque AG. 1997. The role of lipids in fetal brain development. Perinat. Nutr. Rep. Spring: 4-5.
85. Ghebremeskel K, Min Y, Crawford MA, et al. 2000. Blood fatty acid composition of pregnant and nonpregnant Korean women: Red cells may act as a reservoir of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid for utilization by the developing fetus. Lipids 35: 567-574.
86. Simopoulos AP. 1999. New products from the agri-food industry: The return of n-3 fatty acids into the food supply. Lipids 34: S297-S301.
87. Cordain L, Watkins BA, Florant GL, et al. 2002. Fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: Evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56: 181-191.
88. Simopoulos AP. 1999. Evolutionary aspects of omega-3 fatty acids in the food supply. Prostaglandins Leuko. Essent. Fatty Acids 60: 421-429.
89. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group. 1997. Data tables: Intakes of 19 individual fatty acids: Results from 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. Available at www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/home.htm. Accessed 7 August 2003.
90. National Institute of Nutrition. 1999. Nutritional significance of n-6 and n-3 essential fatty acids. Available at www.nin.ca. Accessed 7 August 2003.
91. Innis SM, Elias SL. 2003. Intakes of essential n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids among pregnant Canadian women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77: 473-478.
92. Simopoulos AP. 2001. n-3 Fatty acids and human health: Defining strategies for public policy. Lipids 36: S83-S89.
93. Health and Welfare Canada. 1990. Nutrition Recommendations. The Report of the Scientific Review Committee. Department of Supply and Services, Cat. No. H49-42/1990E, Ottawa, ON.
94. WHO and FAO Joint Consultation. 1995. Fats and oils in human nutrition. Nutr. Rev. 53: 202-205. 92
95. Nutrition Advisory Panel. 1995. Executive Summary. Flax Council of Canada, Winnipeg, MB.
96. Simopoulos AP, Leaf A, Salem Jr N. 1999. Workshop on the Essentiality of and Recommended Dietary Intakes for Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Available on the Web site of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids (ISSFAL) at www.issfal.org.uk/adequateintakes.htm. Accessed 7 August 2003.
97. Renaud S, de Lorgeril M, Delaye J, et al. 1995. Cretan Mediterranean diet for prevention of coronary heart disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61: 1360S-1367S.
98. Krawczyk T. 2001. Do infants need extra DHA, AA? Inform 12: 1064-1071, 1073-1074.
99. Carver JD. 2003. Advances in nutritional modifications of infant formulas. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77: 1550S-1554S.
100.Carlson SE, Neuringer M. 1999. Polyunsaturated fatty acid status and neurodevelopment: A summary and critical analysis of the literature. Lipids 34: 171-178.
101.Jensen CL, Chen H, Fraley JK, et al. 1996. Biochemical effects of dietary linoleic/?-linolenic acid ratio in term infants. Lipids 31: 107-113.
102.Kris-Etherton PM, Taylor DS, Yu-Poth S, et al. 2000. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71: 179S-188S.
103.U.S. Department of Agriculture. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 15. Available at www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp. Accessed 7 August 2003.
104.Nettleton JA. 1991. ?-3 Fatty acids: Comparison of plant and seafood sources in human nutrition. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 91: 331-337.
105.Flax Council of Canada. 2003. The novel egg: Opportunities for flax in omega-3 egg production. Flax Council of Canada, Winnipeg, MB.
106.Crew S. [Personal communication, 2003]. Hemp Oil Canada. Ste. Agathe, MB.
107.Calder PC. 1998. Immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 31: 467-490.
108.Schatzman D. 2001. The omega-3 resurgence. Nutr. Outlook April: 37-42.
109.Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Ma J, et al. 1996. Prospective study of sex hormone levels and risk of prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88: 1118-1126.
110.Wynder EL, Cohen LA, Muscat JE, et al. 1997. Breast cancer: Weighing the evidence for a promoting role of dietary fat. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89: 766-775. F LAX – A Health and Nutrition Primer 93
111.Dinkova-Kostova AT, Gang DR, Davin LB, et al. 1996. (+)-Pinoresinol/ (+)-lariciresinol reductase from Forsythia intermedia. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 29473-29482.
112.Thompson LU, Rickard SE, Cheung F, et al. 1997. Variability in anticancer lignan levels in flaxseed. Nutr. Cancer 27: 26-30.
113.Thompson LU. 2003. Analysis and bioavailability of lignans. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Thompson LU and Cunnane SC, 2nd ed, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 92-116.
114.Bhathena SJ, Velasquez MT. 2002. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76: 1191-1201.
115.Tham DM, Gardner CD, Haskell WL. 1998. Potential health benefits of dietary phytoestrogens: A review of the clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic evidence. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 2223-2235.
116.Westcott ND, Muir AD. 2003. Flax lignan update. Saskatchewan Flax Grower 4: 6.
117.Rickard SE, Thompson LU. 1997. Phytoestrogens and lignans: Effects on reproduction and chronic disease. In: Antinutrients and Phytochemicals in Foods, ed Shahidi F, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 273-293.
118.Axelson M, Sjövall J, Gustafsson BE, Setchell KDR. 1982. Origin of lignans in mammals and identification of a precursor from plants. Nature 298: 659-660.
119.Nesbitt PD, Lam Y, Thompson LU. 1999. Human metabolism of mammalian lignan precursors in raw and processed flaxseed. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69: 549-555.
120.Kirkman LM, Lampe JW, Campbell DR, et al. 1995. Urinary lignan and isoflavonoid excretion in men and women consuming vegetable and soy diets. Nutr. Cancer 24: 1-12.
121.Hutchins AM, Slavin JL. 2003. Effects of flaxseed on sex hormone metabolism. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Thompson LU and Cunnane SC, 2nd ed, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 126-149.
122.Clark WF, Parbtani A, Huff MW, et al. 1995. Flaxseed: A potential treatment for lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 48: 475-480.
123.Prasad K. 1997. Hydroxyl radical-scavenging property of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) isolated from flax-seed. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 168: 117-123.
124.Praticò D. 2001. In vivo measurement of the redox state. Lipids 36: S45-S47.
125.Kitts DD, Yuan YV, Wijewickreme AN, Thompson LU. 1999. Antioxidant activity of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its mammalian lignan metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 202: 91-100. 94
126.Morton MS, Wilcox G, Wahlqvist ML, Griffiths K. 1994. Determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in human female plasma following dietary supplementation. J. Endocrinol. 142: 251-259.
127.Lampe JW, Martini MC, Kurzer MS, et al. 1994. Urinary lignan and isoflavonoid excretion in premenopausal women consuming flaxseed powder. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60: 122-128.
128.Hutchins AM, Martini MC, Olson BA, et al. 2000. Flaxseed influences urinary lignan excretion in a dose-dependent manner in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9: 1113-1118.
129.Shultz TD, Bonorden WR, Seaman WR. 1991. Effect of short-term flaxseed consumption on lignan and sex hormone metabolism in men. Nutr. Res. 11: 1089-1100.
130.Haggans CJ, Hutchins AM, Olson BA, et al. 1999. Effect of flaxseed consumption on urinary estrogen metabolites in postmenopausal women. Nutr. Cancer 33: 188-195.
131.Martin ME, Haourigui M, Pelissero C, et al. 1996. Interactions between phytoestrogens and human sex steroid binding protein. Life Sci. 58: 429-436.
132.Tou JCL, Chen J, Thompson LU. 1998. Flaxseed and its lignan precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, affect pregnancy outcome and reproductive development in rats. J. Nutr. 128: 1861-1868.
133.Tou JCL, Chen J, Thompson LU. 1999. Dose, timing, and duration of flaxseed exposure affect reproductive indices and sex hormone levels in rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 56 (Part A): 555-570.
134.Phipps WR, Martini MC, Lampe JW, et al. 1993. Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77: 1215-1219.
135.Wilcox G, Wahlqvist ML, Burger HG, Medley G. 1990. Oestrogenic effects of plant foods in postmenopausal women. Br. Med. J. 301: 905-906.
136.Lemay A, Dodin S, Kadri N, et al. 2002. Flaxseed dietary supplement versus hormone replacement therapy in hypercholesterolemic menopausal women. Obstet. Gynecol. 100: 495-504.
137.McDonald BE. 1993. Dietary fat–Fine tuning the message. NIN Review No. 20. Supplement to Rapport 8 (1). National Institute of Nutrition, Ottawa, ON.
138.Kang JX, Leaf A. 1996. Antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids: Recent studies. Circulation 94: 1774-1780.
139.Billman GE, Kang JX, Leaf A. 1999. Prevention of sudden cardiac death by dietary pure ?-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs. Circulation 99: 2452-2457. F LAX – A Health and Nutrition Primer 95
140.Kang JX, Leaf A. 1996. Protective effects of free polyunsaturated fatty acids on arrhythmias induced by lysophosphatidylcholine or palmitoylcarnitine in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 297: 97-106.
141.Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Zock PL, et al. 2002. (n-3) Fatty acids do not affect electrocardiographic characteristics of healthy men and women. J. Nutr. 132: 3051-3054.
142.Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils. 1999. Food Fats and Oils, 8th ed. Available at www.iseo.org. Accessed 6 August 2003.
143.Institute of Medicine. 2002. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, pp. 3-1 - 3-28 (macronutrients and chronic disease).
144.Bierenbaum ML, Reichstein R, Watkins TR. 1993. Reducing atherogenic risk in hyperlipemic humans with flax seed supplementation: A preliminary report. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 12: 501-504.
145.Lucas EA, Wild RD, Hammond LJ, et al. 2002. Flaxseed improves lipid profile without altering biomarkers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87: 1527-1532.
146.Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Vidgen E, et al. 1999. Health aspects of partially defatted flaxseed, including effects on serum lipids, oxidative measures, and ex vivo androgen and progestin activity: A controlled crossover trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69: 395-402.
147.Abbey M, Clifton P, Kestin M, et al. 1990. Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and lipid transfer protein activity in humans. Arteriosclerosis 10: 85-94.
148.Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Love JE, et al. 1993. Dietary ?-linolenic acid alters tissue fatty acid composition but not blood lipids, lipoproteins or coagulation status in humans. Lipids 28: 533-537.
149.Kestin M, Clifton P, Belling GB, Nestel PJ. 1990. n-3 Fatty acids of marine origin lower systolic blood pressure and triglycerides but raise LDL cholesterol compared with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from plants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 1028-1034.
150.Nestel PJ, Pomeroy SE, Sasahara T, et al. 1997. Arterial compliance in obese subjects is improved with dietary plant n-3 fatty acid from flaxseed oil despite increased LDL oxidizability. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17: 1163-1170.
151.Garg ML, Wierzbicki AA, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT. 1989. Dietary saturated fat level alters the competition between ?-linolenic and linoleic acid. Lipids 24: 334-339. 96
152.Siebert BD, McLennan PL, Woodhouse JA, Charnock JS. 1993. Cardiac arrhythmia in rats in response to dietary n-3 fatty acids from red meat, fish oil and canola oil. Nutr. Res. 13: 1407-1418.
153.McLennan PL, Dallimore JA. 1995. Dietary canola oil modifies myocardial fatty acids and inhibits cardiac arrhythmias in rats. J. Nutr. 125: 1003-1009.
154.Chan JK, Bruce VM, McDonald BE. 1991. Dietary ?-linolenic acid is as effective as oleic acid and linoleic acid in lowering blood cholesterol in normolipidemic men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53: 1230-1234.
155.de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin J-L, et al. 1999. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: Final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 99: 779-785.
156.Dolecek TA. 1992. Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Pro. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 200: 177-182.
157.Lemaitre RN, King IB, Mozaffarian D, et al. 2003. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, fatal ischemic heart disease, and nonfatal myocardial infarction in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77: 319-325.
158.Djoussé L, Pankow JS, Eckfeldt JH, et al. 2001. Relation between dietary linolenic acid and coronary artery disease in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 74: 612-619.
159.Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. 1999. Dietary intake of ?-linolenic acid and risk of fatal ischemic heart disease among women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69: 890-897.
160.Oomen CM, Ocké MC, Feskens EJM, et al. 2001. ?-Linolenic acid intake is not beneficially associated with 10-y risk of coronary artery disease incidence: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 74: 457-463.
161.Djoussé L. 2002. Reply to SC Renaud and D Lanzmann-Petithory (letter). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76: 905-906.
162.Renaud SC, Lanzmann-Petithory D. 2002. The beneficial effect of ?-linolenic acid in coronary artery disease is not questionable (letter). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76: 903-904.
163.Vos E, Cunnane SC. 2003. ?-Linolenic acid, linoleic acid, coronary artery disease, and overall mortality (letter). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77: 521-522.
164.Simon JA, Fong J, Bernert Jr JT, Browner WS. 1995. Serum fatty acids and the risk of stroke. Stroke 26: 778-782. F LAX – A Health and Nutrition Primer 97
165.Brodsky IG. 1999. Hormone, cytokine, and nutrient interactions. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, eds Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M and Ross AC, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 699-724.
166.Semenkovich CF. 1999. Nutrient and genetic regulation of lipoprotein metabolism. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, eds Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M and Ross AC, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 1191-1197.
167.American Cancer Society. 2003. Cancer Facts & Figures, 2003. Available at www.cancer.org. Accessed 7 August 2003.
168.Diggle CP. 2002. In vitro studies on the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer: Tumour or tissue specific effects? Prog. Lipid Res. 41: 240-253.
169.Clinton SK. 1997. Dietary lipids and the cancer cascade. In: Dietary Fat and Cancer: Genetic and Molecular Interactions, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 21-37.
170.Rose DP, Connolly JM, Liu X-H. 1997. Fatty acid regulation of breast cancer cell growth and invasion. In: Dietary Fat and Cancer: Genetic and Molecular Interactions, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 47-55.
171.Zhou J-R, Blackburn GL. 1997. Bridging animal and human studies: What are the missing segments in dietary fat and prostate cancer? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66: 1572S-1580S.
172.Sauer LA, Dauchy RT, Blask DE. 2000. Mechanism for the antitumor and anticachectic effects of n-3 fatty acids. Cancer Res. 60: 5289-5295.
173.de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin J-L, et al. 1998. Mediterranean dietary pattern in a randomized trial: Prolonged survival and possible reduced cancer rate. Arch. Intern. Med. 158: 1181-1187.
174.Yan L, Yee JA, Li D, et al. 1998. Dietary flaxseed supplementation and experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Cancer Lett. 124: 181-186.
175.Li D, Yee JA, Thompson LU, Yan L. 1999. Dietary supplementation with secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) reduces experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Cancer Lett. 142: 91-96.
176.Denis L, Morton MS, Griffiths K. 1999. Diet and its preventive role in prostatic disease. Eur. Urol. 35: 377-387.
177.Cameron E, Bland J, Marcuson R. 1989. Divergent effects of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids on mammary tumor development in C3H/Heston mice treated with DMBA. Nutr. Res. 9: 383-393.
178.Fritsche KL, Johnston PV. 1990. Effect of dietary ?-linolenic acid on growth, metastasis, fatty acid profile and prostaglandin production of two murine mammary adenocarcinomas. J. Nutr. 120: 1601-1609. 98
179.Dabrosin C, Chen J, Wang L, Thompson LU. 2002. Flaxseed inhibits metastasis and decreases extracellular vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer xenografts. Cancer Lett. 185: 31-37.
180.Serraino M, Thompson LU. 1991. The effect of flaxseed supplementation on early risk markers for mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 60: 135-142.
181.Thompson LU, Rickard SE, Orcheson LJ, Seidl MM. 1996. Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components reduce mammary tumor growth at a late stage of carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 17: 1373-1376.
182.Thompson LU, Seidl MM, Rickard SE, et al. 1996. Antitumorigenic effect of a mammalian lignan precursor from flaxseed. Nutr. Cancer 26:159-165.
183.Thompson LU, Li T, Chen J, Goss PE. 2000. Biological effects of dietary flaxseed in patients with breast cancer (abstract). Breast Cancer Res. Treatment 64: 50.
184.Klein V, Chajès V, Germain E, et al. 2000. Low alpha-linolenic acid content of adipose breast tissue is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 36: 335-340.
185.Maillard V, Bougnoux P, Ferrari P, et al. 2002. N-3 and n-6 fatty acids in breast adipose tissue and relative risk of breast cancer in a case-control study in Tours, France. Int. J. Cancer 98: 78-83.
186.McCann SE, Moysich KR, Freudenheim JL, et al. 2002. The risk of breast cancer associated with dietary lignans differs by CYP17 genotype in women. J. Nutr. 132: 3036-3041.
187.Thompson LU. 1998. Experimental studies on lignans and cancer. Baillière’s Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 12:691-705.
188.Jenab M, Thompson LU. 1996. The influence of flaxseed and lignans on colon carcinogenesis and ?-glucuronidase activity. Carcinogenesis 17: 1343-1348.
189.Sung M-K, Lautens M, Thompson LU. 1998. Mammalian lignans inhibit the growth of estrogen-independent human colon tumor cells. Anticancer Res. 18: 1405-1408.
190.Clinton SK, Giovannucci E. 1998. Diet, nutrition, and prostate cancer. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 18: 413-440.
191.Lin X, Gingrich JR, Bao W, et al. 2002. Effect of flaxseed supplementation on prostatic carcinoma in transgenic mice. Urology 60: 919-924.
192.Demark-Wahnefried W, Price DT, Polascik TJ, et al. 2001. Pilot study of dietary fat restriction and flaxseed supplementation in men with prostate cancer before surgery: Exploring the effects on hormonal levels, prostate-specific antigen, and histopathologic features. Urology 58: 47-52. F LAX – A Health and Nutrition Primer 99
193.Lin X, Switzer BR, Demark-Wahnefried W. 2001. Effect of mammalian lignans on the growth of prostate cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res. 21: 3995-4000.
194.Pandalai PK, Pilat MJ, Yamazaki K, et al. 1996. The effects of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on in vitro prostate cancer growth. Anticancer Res. 16: 815-820.
195.Kumar GS, Das UN. 1997. Cytotoxic action of alpha-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid on myeloma cells in vitro. Prostaglandins Leuko. Essent. Fatty Acids 56: 285-293.
196.Das UN, Madhavi N, Kumar GS, et al. 1998. Can tumour cell drug resistance be reversed by essential fatty acids and their metabolites? Prostaglandins Leuko. Essent. Fatty Acids 58: 39-54.
197.Kafrawy O, Zerouga M, Stillwell W, Jenski LJ. 1998. Docosahexaenoic acid in phosphatidylcholine mediates cytotoxicity more effectively than other ?-3 and ?-6 fatty acids. Cancer Lett. 132: 23-29.
198.Mori T, Imaida K, Tamano S, et al. 2001. Beef tallow, but not perilla or corn oil, promotion of rat prostate and intestinal carcinogenesis by 3,2 -dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 92: 1026-1033.
199.De Stéfani E, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Boffetta P, et al. 2000. ?-Linolenic acid and risk of prostate cancer: A case-control study in Uruguay. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9: 335-338.
200.Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Sacks FM, et al. 1994. Prospective study of plasma fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86: 281-286.
201.Harvei S, Bjerve KS, Tretli S, et al. 1997. Prediagnostic level of fatty acids in serum phospholipids: ?-3 and ?-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer 71: 545-551.
202.Newcomer LM, King IB, Wicklund KG, Stanford JL. 2001. The association of fatty acids with prostate cancer risk. Prostate 47: 262-268.
203.Ramon JM, Bou R, Romea S, et al. 2000. Dietary fat intake and prostate cancer risk: A case-control study in Spain. Cancer Causes Control 11: 679-685.
204.Yang YJ, Lee SH, Hong SJ, Chung BC. 1999. Comparison of fatty acid profiles in the serum of patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clin. Biochem. 32: 405-409.
205.Bairati I, Meyer F, Fradet Y, Moore L. 1998. Dietary fat and advanced prostate cancer. J. Urol. 159: 1271-1275.
206.Godley PA, Campbell MK, Gallagher P, et al. 1996. Biomarkers of essential fatty acid consumption and risk of prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 5: 889-895. l 100
207.Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, et al. 1993. A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85: 1571-1579.
208.Schuurman AG, van den Brandt PA, Dorant E, et al. 1999. Association of energy and fat intake with prostate carcinoma risk: Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Cancer 86: 1019-1027.
209.Freeman VL, Meydani M, Yong S, et al. 2000. Prostatic levels of fatty acids and the histopathology of localized prostate cancer. J. Urol. 164: 2168-2172.
210.Attar-Bashi NM, Frauman A, Sinclair AJ. 2003. Alpha-linolenic acid and the risk of prostate cancer: What is the evidence? Urology (accepted for publication pending revision).
211.Ross RK, Henderson BE. 1994. Do diet and androgens alter prostate cancer risk via a common etiologic pathway (editorial)? J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86: 252-254.
212.Fair WR, Fleshner NE, Heston W. 1997. Cancer of the prostate: A nutritional disease? Urology 50: 840-848.
213.Giles G, Ireland P. 1997. Diet, nutrition and prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer Supplement 10: 13-17.
214.Kolonel LN, Nomura AMY, Cooney RV. 1999. Dietary fat and prostate cancer: Current status. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91: 414-428.
215.Ip C. 1997. Review of the effects of trans fatty acids, oleic acid, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid on mammary carcinogenesis in animals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66: 1523S-1529S.
216.Dwyer JT. 1997. Human studies on the effects of fatty acids on cancer: Summary, gaps, and future research. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66: 1581S-1586S.
217.Berry EM, Hirsch J. 1986. Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 44: 336-340.
218.Singer P, Berger I, Wirth M, et al. 1986. Slow desaturation and elongation of linoleic and ?-linolenic acids as a rationale of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich diet to lower blood pressure and serum lipids in normal, hypertensive and hyperlipemic subjects. Prostaglandins Leuko. Med. 24: 173-193.
219.Anderson JW. 1999. Nutritional management of diabetes mellitus. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, eds Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M and Ross AC, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1365-1394.
220.Prasad K. 2000. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of diabetes in diabetic BB prone rats: Effects of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). Mol. Cell. Biochem. 209: 89-96. F LAX – A Health and Nutrition Primer 101
221.Prasad K, Mantha SV, Muir AD, Westcott ND. 2000. Protective effect of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside against streptozotocin-induced diabetes and its mechanism. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 206: 141-150.
222.Prasad K. 2001. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside from flaxseed delays the development of type 2 diabetes in Zucker rat. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 138: 32-39.
223.Malcolmson LJ, Taylor CG. 2002. Interim report: Flaxseed components in baked products: Effects on glycemic control in diabetes. Flax Council of Canada, Winnipeg, MB.
224.Berkow R (ed). 1987. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th edition, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NY, p. 1145.
225.Freese R, Mutanen M. 1997. ?-Linolenic acid and marine long-chain n-3 fatty acids differ only slightly in their effects on hemostatic factors in healthy subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66: 591-598.
226.Kelley DS, Branch LB, Love JE, et al. 1991. Dietary ?-linolenic acid and immunocompetence in humans. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 53: 40-46.
227.Ingram AJ, Parbtani A, Clark WF, et al. 1995. Effects of flaxseed and flax oil diets in a rat-5/6 renal ablation model. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 25: 320-329.
228.Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, et al. 1998. Hormonal, environmental, and infectious risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 41: 1714-1724.
229.Mohan IK, Das UN. 1997. Oxidant stress, anti-oxidants and essential fatty acids in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prostaglandins Leuko. Essent. Fatty Acids 56: 193-198.
230.Tetta C, Bussolino F, Modena V, et al. 1990. Release of platelet-activating factor in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 91: 244-256.
231.Hackshaw KV, Voelkel NF, Thomas RB, Westcott JY. 1992. Urine leukotriene E4 levels are elevated in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. 19: 252-258.
232.Ogborn MR, Nitschmann E, Bankovic-Calic N, et al. 1998. The effect of dietary flaxseed supplementation on organic anion and osmolyte content and excretion in rat polycystic kidney disease. Biochem. Cell Biol. 76: 553-559.
233.Ogborn MR, Nitschmann E, Weiler H, et al. 1999. Flaxseed ameliorates interstitial nephritis in rat polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 55: 417-423.
234.Ogborn MR, Nitschmann E, Bankovic-Calic N, et al. 2002. Dietary flax oil reduces renal injury, oxidized LDL content, and tissue n-6/n-3 FA ratio in experimental polycystic kidney disease. Lipids 37: 1059-1065. 102
235.Hamadeh MJ, Liede AC, Ganguli S, et al. 1992. Nutritional aspects of flaxseed in the human diet. Proc. Flax Inst. 4: 48-53.
236.Kurzer MS, Xu X. 1997. Dietary phytoestrogens. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 17: 353-381.
237.Brown JP, Josse RG, for the Scientific Advisory Council of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada. 2002. 2002 Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada. CMAJ. 167 (10 suppl): S1-S34. Available at www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/167/10_suppl/s1.pdf. Accessed 7 August 2003.
238.Pat McCarthy Briggs. [Personal communication, 2003]. Manitoba Milk Producers. Winnipeg, MB.
239.Arjmandi BH. 2001. The role of phytoestrogens in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in ovarian hormone deficiency. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 20: 398S-402S.
240.Willett WC. 1999. Convergence of philosophy and science: The Third International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70: 434S-438S.
241.Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, et al. 1999. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: Detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70: 516S-524S.
242.Ågren JJ, Törmälä M-L, Nenonen MT, Hänninen OO. 1995. Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans. Lipids 30: 365-369.
243.Sanders TAB, Ellis FR, Dickerson JWT. 1978. Studies of vegans: The fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and some indicators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and omnivore controls. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 805-813.
244.Li D, Sinclair A, Wilson A, et al. 1999. Effect of dietary ?-linolenic acid on thrombotic risk factors in vegetarian men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69: 872-882.
245.Oomah BD. 2003. Processing of flaxseed fiber, oil, protein, and lignan. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Thompson LU and Cunnane SC, 2nd ed, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 363-386.
246.Morris DH, Vaisey-Genser M. 2003. Availability and labeling of flaxseed food products and supplements. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Thompson LU and Cunnane SC, 2nd ed, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 404-422.
247.Soyaworld, Inc., Web site at www.sogoodbeverage.com. Accessed 7 August 2003.
248.Hall C, Schwarz J. 2002. Functionality of flaxseed in frozen desserts–Preliminary report. Proc. Flax Inst. 59: 21-24. F LAX – A Health and Nutrition Primer 103
249.Dean JR. 1996. Solin: The newest crop. In: Proceedings of the Flax Council of Canada Conference: Flax — The Next Decade, Winnipeg, MB, pp. 119-138.
250.Balchem Corp. Web site at www.balchem.com. Accessed 7 August 2003.
251.Pszczola DE. 2002. Ingredient suppliers define themselves for tomorrow. Food Tech. 56: 70.
252.Natunola Health Web site at www.natunola.com. Accessed 7 August 2003.
253.Pszczola DE. 2002. Products and technologies. Food Tech. 56: 85.
254.St-Onge M-P, Lamarche B, Mauger J-F, Jones PJH. 2003. Consumption of a functional oil rich in phytosterols and medium-chain triglyceride oil improves plasma lipid profiles in men. J. Nutr. 133: 1815-1820.
255.Forbes Medi-Tech Web site at www.forbesmedi.com. Accessed 7 August 2003.
256.Drouillard J. [Personal communication, 2000]. Kansas State University. Manhattan, KS.
257.Enreco Web site at www.enreco.com. Accessed 7 August 2003.
258.Jiang Z, Ahn DU, Sim JS. 1991. Effects of feeding flax and two types of sunflower seeds on fatty acid composition of yolk lipid classes. Poultry Sci. 70: 2467-2475.
259.Nash DM, Hamilton RMG, Sanford KA, Hulan HW. 1996. The effect of dietary menhaden meal and storage on the omega-3 fatty acids and sensory attributes of egg yolk in laying hens. Can. J. Animal Sci. 76: 377-383.
260.Caston L, Leeson S. 1990. Research note: Dietary flaxseed and egg composition. Poultry Sci. 69: 1617-1620.
261.Van Elswyk ME, Mayo PK, Hatch SD, Kubena KS. 1996. Human plasma lipid modification following consumption of eggs from hens fed flaxseed or marine oil. Proc. Flax Inst. 56: 40-46.
262.Hatch SD, Mayo PK, Kubena KS, Van Elswyk ME. 1996. Consumption of n-3 fatty acid rich shell eggs enhances plasma phospholipid n-3 fatty acid content and alters platelet aggregation in humans. Proc. Flax Inst. 56: 47-54.
263.Kennelly JJ. 1993. Using flaxseed to alter milk composition. In: Conference and Annual Meeting, Flax Council of Canada, Winnipeg, MB.
264.McDonald IW, Scott TW. 1977. Foods of ruminant origin with elevated content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 26: 144-207.
265.Khorasani GR, Kennelly JJ. 1994. Influence of flaxseed on the nutritional quality of milk. Proc. Flax Inst. 55: 127-134. 104
266.Ajuyah AO, Lee KH, Hardin T, Sim JS. 1991. Changes in yield and in the fatty acid composition of whole carcass and selected meat portions of broiler chickens fed full-fat oilseeds. Poultry Sci. 70: 2304-2314.
267.Ajuyah AO, Ahn DU, Hardin RT, Sim JS. 1993. Dietary antioxidants and storage affect chemical characteristics of ?-3 fatty acid enriched broiler chicken meats. J. Food Sci. 61: 43-46.
268.Matthews KR. 2003. Effects of feeding flaxseed to pigs. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Thompson LU and Cunnane SC, 2nd ed, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 429-438.
269.Romans JR, Johnson RC, Wulf DM, et al. 1995. Effects of ground flaxseed in swine diets on pig performance and on physical and sensory characteristics and omega-3 fatty acid content of pork: I. Dietary level of flaxseed. J. Animal Sci. 73: 1982-1986.
270.Romans JR, Wulf DM, Johnson RC, et al. 1995. Effects of ground flaxseed in swine diets on pig performance and on physical and sensory characteristics and omega-3 fatty acid content of pork: II. Duration of 15% dietary flaxseed. J. Animal Sci. 73: 1987-1999.
271.Specht-Overholt SM. 1995. Commercial manufacturing of omega-3 pork products and the effects of d,l-alpha-tocopherol acetate in swine diets on lipid and pigment stability and various pork characteristics. Dissertation Abstracts International B, thesis publ. 1994, 56(2) 587.
272.Prairie Orchard Farms Web site at www.prairieorchardfarms.com. Accessed 7 August 2003.
273.Dick TA, Yang X. 1995. Flaxseed in Arctic charr and rainbow trout nutrition. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Cunnane SC and Thompson LU, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 295-314.
274.Dick TA. 1996. Principles of feeding flaxseed to coldwater fish eg., Arctic charr and rainbow trout. Proc. Flax Inst. 56: 112-114.
275.Thiessen D. 2002. Flax as a feed ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on growth, carcass composition and microbial populations. Saskatchewan Flax Grower 4: 5.
276.Schultz HW. 1981. Food Law Handbook. AVI Publishing Company, Westport, CT, pp. 1-30.
277.Driscoll E. [Personal communication, 1997]. Health Canada, Health Protection Branch, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences. Ottawa, ON.
278.Vanderveen JE. 1995. Regulation of flaxseed as a food ingredient in the United States. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Cunnane SC and Thompson LU, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 363-366. F LAX – A Health and Nutrition Primer 105
279.Long W. [Personal communication, 1997]. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Plant and Dairy Foods and Beverages. College Park, MD.
280.Food and Drug Administration. Agency response letter, GRAS Notice No. GRN 000002, dated May 27, 1998. Available at vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-g002.html. Accessed 7 August 2003.
281.Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising, Section II. Basic Labelling Requirements, Section 2.8, List of Ingredients (issued 25/03/96). Available at www.inspection.gc.ca/english/bureau/labeti/guide/2e.pdf. Accessed 7 August 2003.
282.Browne MB, the American Dietetic Association. 1993. Label Facts for Healthful Eating, National Food Processors Association, Washington, DC, pp. 1-54.
283.Health Canada. Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Nutrition Labelling, Nutrient Content Claims and Health Claims). Canada Gazette, Part II, Vol. 137, No. 1, January 1, 2003. Available at canadagazette.gc.ca/partII/2003/20030101/pdf/g2-13701.pdf. Accessed 7 August 2003.
284.Food and Drug Administration. 1994. A Food Labeling Guide, Chapter VI–Claims (Question 22). Available at www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/flg-6-2.html. Accessed 7 August 2003.
285.Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising, Section IV. Claims as to the Composition, Quality, Quantity and Origin, Section 4.2.9, Organic (Revised 2000). Available at www.inspection.gc.ca/english/bureau/labeti/guide/4e.pdf. Accessed 7 August 2003.
286.National Organic Program. The National Standards on Organic Agricultural Production and Handling, Dec. 2000. Available at www.ams.usda.gov/nop/index.htm. Accessed 7 August 2003.
287.Health Canada. Discussion Paper — U.S. Generic Health Claims in Canada: Background and Implementation Issues in the Canadian Context, June 1999. Available at www.hc-sc.gc.ca/food-aliment/ns-sc/ne-en/ health_claims-allegations_sante/us-eu/e_index.html. Accessed 7 August 2003.
288.Food and Drug Administration. Letter responding to a request to reconsider the qualified claim for a dietary supplement health claim for omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease (Docket No. 91N-0103), letter dated February 8, 2002. Available at www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-ltr28.html. Accessed 7 August 2003.
289.Malcolmson LJ, Przybylski R, Daun JK. 2000. Storage stability of milled flaxseed. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 77: 235-238. 106
290.Przybylski R, Daun JK. 2001. Additional data on the storage stability of milled flaxseed. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78: 105-106.
291.Chen Z-Y, Ratnayake WMN, Cunnane SC. 1994. Oxidative stability of flaxseed lipids during baking. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 71: 629-632.
292.Ratnayake WMN, Behrens WA, Fischer PWF, et al. 1992. Chemical and nutritional studies of flaxseed (variety Linott) in rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 3: 232-240.
293.Manthey FA, Lee RE, Hall III CA. 2002. Processing and cooking effects on lipid content and stability of ?-linolenic acid in spaghetti containing ground flaxseed. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 1668-1671.
294.Muir AD, Westcott ND. 2000. Quantitation of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside in baked goods containing flax seed or flax meal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48: 4048–4052.
295.Muir AD, Westcott ND. 1996. Quantitation of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside in baked goods containing flax seed or flax meal. Proc. Flax Inst. 56: 81-85.
296.Clandinin MT, Foxwell A, Goh YK, et al. 1997. Omega-3 fatty acid intake results in a relationship between the fatty acid composition of LDL cholesterol ester and LDL cholesterol content in humans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1346: 247-252.
297.Chan JK, McDonald BE, Gerrard JM, et al. 1993. Effect of dietary ?-linolenic acid and its ratio to linoleic acid on platelet and plasma fatty acids and thrombogenesis. Lipids 28: 811-817.
298.Abbey M, Clifton P, Kestin M, et al. 1990. Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and lipid transfer protein activity in humans. Arteriosclerosis 10: 85-94.
299.Li D, Mann NJ, Sinclair AJ. 1999. Comparison of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from vegetable oils, meat, and fish in raising platelet eicosapentaenoic acid levels in humans. Lipids 34: S309.
300.Singer P, Wirth M, Berger I. 1990. A possible contribution of decrease in free fatty acids to low serum triglyceride levels after diets supplemented with n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis 83: 167-175.
301.Hadley M. 1996. Stability of flaxseed oil used in cooking/stir-frying. Proc. Flax Inst. 56: 55-59.
302.Griswold RM. 1962. The Experimental Study of Foods, Houghton Mifflin, New York, pp. 263-264. F LAX – A Health and Nutrition Primer 107
303.Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 290-393 (iron), 258-289 (iodine).
304.Shibamoto T, Bjeldanes LF. 1993. Natural toxins in plant foodstuffs. In: Introduction to Food Toxicology, Academic Press, New York, pp. 67-96.
305.Seigler DS. 1991. Cyanide and cyanogenic glycosides. In: Herbivores: Their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites, eds Rosenthal GA and Berenbaum MR, Academic Press, New York, pp. 35-77.
306.McMahon JM, White WLB, Sayre RT. 1995. Cyanogenesis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). J. Exp. Botany 46: 731-741.
307.Montgomery RD. 1980. Cyanogens. In: Toxic Constituents of Plant Foodstuffs, ed Liener IE, Academic Press, New York, pp. 143-160.
308.Hathcock JN, Rader JI. 1999. Food additives, contaminants, and natural toxins. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, eds Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M and Ross AC, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 1835-1860.
309.Whitney EN, Rolfes SR. 1999. Understanding Nutrition, West/Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, p. 422.
310.Cameron AT. 1930. Iodine prophylaxis and endemic goiter. Can. J. Public Health 21: 541-548.
311.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Iodine level, United States, 2000. Available at www.cdc.gov. Accessed 7 August 2003.
312.Hathcock JN. 1982. Nutritional toxicology: Definition and scope. In: Nutritional Toxicology, ed Hathcock JN, Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-15.
313.Klosterman HJ, Lamoureux GL, Parsons JL. 1967. Isolation, characterization, and synthesis of linatine. A vitamin B6 antagonist from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum). Biochemistry 6: 170-177.
314.Dieken HA. 1992. Use of flaxseed as a source of omega-3 fatty acids in human nutrition. Proc. Flax Inst. 54: 1-4.
315.Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS and Jenkins AL. 1999. Fiber and other dietary factors affecting nutrient absorption and metabolism. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, eds ME Shils, JA Olson, M Shike and AC Ross, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 679-698.
316.Morris ER and Ellis R. 1980. Effect of dietary phytate/zinc molar ratio on growth and bone zinc response of rats fed semipurified diets. J. Nutr. 110: 1037-1045. 108
317.Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Myhrstad MCW, et al. 2002. A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants. J. Nutr. 132: 461-471.
318.Lin RI-S. 1994. Phytochemicals and antioxidants. In: Functional Foods: Designer Foods, Pharmafoods, Nutraceuticals, ed Goldberg I, Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 393-449.
319.Helferich B. 1996. Dietary estrogens: A balance of risks and benefits. Food Tech. 50: 158.
320.Black WC. 1930. Flax hypersensitiveness. JAMA 94: 1064.
321.Grant LR. 1931. A report of six cases of flaxseed sensitization with review of the literature. J. Allergy 3: 469-477.
322.Lezaun A, Fraj J, Colas C, et al. 1998. Anaphylaxis from linseed. Allergy 53: 105-106.
323.Alonso L, Marcos ML, Blanco JG, et al. 1996. Anaphylaxis caused by linseed (flaxseed) intake. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 98: 469-470.
324.Morris DH. 2003. Methodologic challenges in designing clinical studies to measure differences in the bioequivalence of n-3 fatty acids. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 246: 83-90.

For more information, please contact JIT Products, Inc.
Copyrighted © 2005 by JIT Products, Inc.